Tutorial¶
Why fish?¶
Fish is a fully-equipped command line shell (like bash or zsh) that is smart and user-friendly. Fish supports powerful features like syntax highlighting, autosuggestions, and tab completions that just work, with nothing to learn or configure.
If you want to make your command line more productive, more useful, and more fun, without learning a bunch of arcane syntax and configuration options, then fish might be just what you’re looking for!
Getting started¶
Once installed, just type in fish into your current shell to try it out!
You will be greeted by the standard fish prompt, which means you are all set up and can start using fish:
> fish
Welcome to fish, the friendly interactive shell
Type help for instructions on how to use fish
you@hostname ~>
This prompt that you see above is the fish default prompt: it shows your username, hostname, and working directory. - to change this prompt see how to change your prompt - to switch to fish permanently see Default Shell.
From now on, we’ll pretend your prompt is just a > to save space.
Learning fish¶
This tutorial assumes a basic understanding of command line shells and Unix commands, and that you have a working copy of fish.
If you have a strong understanding of other shells, and want to know what fish does differently, search for the magic phrase unlike other shells, which is used to call out important differences.
Or, if you want a quick overview over the differences to other shells like Bash, see Fish For Bash Users.
For the full, detailed description of how to use fish interactively, see Interactive Use.
For a comprehensive description of fish’s scripting language, see The Fish Language.
Running Commands¶
Fish runs commands like other shells: you type a command, followed by its arguments. Spaces are separators:
> echo hello world
hello world
This runs the command echo with the arguments hello and world. In this case that’s the same as one argument hello world, but in many cases it’s not. If you need to pass an argument that includes a space, you can escape with a backslash, or quote it using single or double quotes:
> mkdir My\ Files
# Makes a directory called "My Files", with a space in the name
> cp ~/Some\ File 'My Files'
# Copies a file called "Some File" in the home directory to "My Files"
> ls "My Files"
Some File
Getting Help¶
Run help to open fish’s help in a web browser, and man with the page (like fish-language) to open it in a man page. You can also ask for help with a specific command, for example, help set to open in a web browser, or man set to see it in the terminal.
> man set
set - handle shell variables
Synopsis...
To open this section, use help getting-help.
Fish works by running commands, which are often also installed on your computer. Usually these commands also provide help in the man system, so you can get help for them there. Try man ls to get help on your computer’s ls command.
Syntax Highlighting¶
You’ll quickly notice that fish performs syntax highlighting as you type. Invalid commands are colored red by default:
> /bin/mkd
A command may be invalid because it does not exist, or refers to a file that you cannot execute. When the command becomes valid, it is shown in a different color:
> /bin/mkdir
Valid file paths are underlined as you type them:
> cat ~/somefi
This tells you that there exists a file that starts with somefi, which is useful feedback as you type.
These colors, and many more, can be changed by running fish_config, or by modifying color variables directly.
For example, if you want to disable (almost) all coloring:
fish_config theme choose none
This picks the “none” theme. To see all themes:
fish_config theme show
Just running fish_config will open up a browser interface that allows you to pick from the available themes.
Wildcards¶
Fish supports the familiar wildcard *. To list all JPEG files:
> ls *.jpg
lena.jpg
meena.jpg
santa maria.jpg
You can include multiple wildcards:
> ls l*.p*
lena.png
lesson.pdf
The recursive wildcard ** searches directories recursively:
> ls /var/**.log
/var/log/system.log
/var/run/sntp.log
If that directory traversal is taking a long time, you can Control+C out of it.
For more, see Wildcards.
Pipes and Redirections¶
You can pipe between commands with the usual vertical bar:
> echo hello world | wc
1 2 12
stdin and stdout can be redirected via the familiar < and >. stderr is redirected with a 2>.
> grep fish < /etc/shells > ~/output.txt 2> ~/errors.txt
To redirect stdout and stderr into one file, you can use &>:
> make &> make_output.txt
For more, see Input and output redirections and Pipes.
Autosuggestions¶
As you type fish will suggest commands to the right of the cursor, in gray. For example:
> /bin/hostname
It knows about paths and options:
> grep --ignore-case
And history too. Type a command once, and you can re-summon it by just typing a few letters:
> rsync -avze ssh . myname@somelonghost.com:/some/long/path/doo/dee/doo/dee/doo
To accept the autosuggestion, hit → (right arrow) or Control+F. To accept a single word of the autosuggestion, Alt+→ (right arrow). If the autosuggestion is not what you want, just ignore it.
If you don’t like autosuggestions, you can disable them by setting $fish_autosuggestion_enabled to 0:
set -g fish_autosuggestion_enabled 0
Tab Completions¶
A rich set of tab completions work “out of the box”.
Press Tab and fish will attempt to complete the command, argument, or path:
> /priTab => /private/
If there’s more than one possibility, it will list them:
> ~/stuff/sTab ~/stuff/script.sh (command) ~/stuff/sources/ (directory)
Hit tab again to cycle through the possibilities. The part in parentheses there (that “command” and “directory”) is the completion description. It’s just a short hint to explain what kind of argument it is.
fish can also complete many commands, like git branches:
> git merge prTab => git merge prompt_designer > git checkout bTab builtin_list_io_merge (Branch) builtin_set_color (Branch) busted_events (Tag)
Try hitting tab and see what fish can do!
Variables¶
Like other shells, a dollar sign followed by a variable name is replaced with the value of that variable:
> echo My home directory is $HOME
My home directory is /home/tutorial
This is known as variable substitution, and it also happens in double quotes, but not single quotes:
> echo "My current directory is $PWD"
My current directory is /home/tutorial
> echo 'My current directory is $PWD'
My current directory is $PWD
Unlike other shells, fish has an ordinary command to set variables: set, which takes a variable name, and then its value.
> set name 'Mister Noodle'
> echo $name
Mister Noodle
(Notice the quotes: without them, Mister and Noodle would have been separate arguments, and $name would have been made into a list of two elements.)
Unlike other shells, variables are not further split after substitution:
> mkdir $name
> ls
Mister Noodle
In bash, this would have created two directories “Mister” and “Noodle”. In fish, it created only one: the variable had the value “Mister Noodle”, so that is the argument that was passed to mkdir, spaces and all.
You can erase (or “delete”) a variable with -e or --erase
> set -e MyVariable
> env | grep MyVariable
(no output)
For more, see Variable expansion.
Exports (Shell Variables)¶
Sometimes you need to have a variable available to an external command, often as a setting. For example many programs like git or man read the $PAGER variable to figure out your preferred pager (the program that lets you scroll text). Other variables used like this include $BROWSER, $LANG (to configure your language) and $PATH. You’ll note these are written in ALLCAPS, but that’s just a convention.
To give a variable to an external command, it needs to be “exported”. This is done with a flag to set, either --export or just -x.
> set -x MyVariable SomeValue
> env | grep MyVariable
MyVariable=SomeValue
It can also be unexported with --unexport or -u.
This works the other way around as well! If fish is started by something else, it inherits that parents exported variables. So if your terminal emulator starts fish, and it exports $LANG set to en_US.UTF-8, fish will receive that setting. And whatever started your terminal emulator also gave it some variables that it will then pass on unless it specifically decides not to. This is how fish usually receives the values for things like $LANG, $PATH and $TERM, without you having to specify them again.
Exported variables can be local or global or universal - “exported” is not a scope! Usually you’d make them global via set -gx MyVariable SomeValue.
For more, see Exporting variables.
Lists¶
The set command above used quotes to ensure that Mister Noodle was one argument. If it had been two arguments, then name would have been a list of length 2. In fact, all variables in fish are really lists, that can contain any number of values, or none at all.
Some variables, like $PWD, only have one value. By convention, we talk about that variable’s value, but we really mean its first (and only) value.
Other variables, like $PATH, really do have multiple values. During variable expansion, the variable expands to become multiple arguments:
> echo $PATH
/usr/bin /bin /usr/sbin /sbin /usr/local/bin
Variables whose name ends in “PATH” are automatically split on colons to become lists. They are joined using colons when exported to subcommands. This is for compatibility with other tools, which expect $PATH to use colons. You can also explicitly add this quirk to a variable with set --path, or remove it with set --unpath.
Lists cannot contain other lists: there is no recursion. A variable is a list of strings, full stop.
Get the length of a list with count:
> count $PATH
5
You can append (or prepend) to a list by setting the list to itself, with some additional arguments. Here we append /usr/local/bin to $PATH:
> set PATH $PATH /usr/local/bin
You can access individual elements with square brackets. Indexing starts at 1 from the beginning, and -1 from the end:
> echo $PATH
/usr/bin /bin /usr/sbin /sbin /usr/local/bin
> echo $PATH[1]
/usr/bin
> echo $PATH[-1]
/usr/local/bin
You can also access ranges of elements, known as “slices”:
> echo $PATH[1..2]
/usr/bin /bin
> echo $PATH[-1..2]
/usr/local/bin /sbin /usr/sbin /bin
You can iterate over a list (or a slice) with a for loop:
for val in $PATH
echo "entry: $val"
end
# Will print:
# entry: /usr/bin/
# entry: /bin
# entry: /usr/sbin
# entry: /sbin
# entry: /usr/local/bin
Lists adjacent to other lists or strings are expanded as cartesian products unless quoted (see Variable expansion):
> set a 1 2 3
> set 1 a b c
> echo $a$1
1a 2a 3a 1b 2b 3b 1c 2c 3c
> echo $a" banana"
1 banana 2 banana 3 banana
> echo "$a banana"
1 2 3 banana
This is similar to Brace expansion.
For more, see Lists.
Command Substitutions¶
Command substitutions use the output of one command as an argument to another. Unlike other shells, fish does not use backticks `` for command substitutions. Instead, it uses parentheses with or without a dollar:
> echo In (pwd), running $(uname)
In /home/tutorial, running FreeBSD
A common idiom is to capture the output of a command in a variable:
> set os (uname)
> echo $os
Linux
Command substitutions without a dollar are not expanded within quotes, so the version with a dollar is simpler:
> touch "testing_$(date +%s).txt"
> ls *.txt
testing_1360099791.txt
Unlike other shells, fish does not split command substitutions on any whitespace (like spaces or tabs), only newlines. Usually this is a big help because unix commands operate on a line-by-line basis. Sometimes it can be an issue with commands like pkg-config that print what is meant to be multiple arguments on a single line. To split it on spaces too, use string split.
> printf '%s\n' (pkg-config --libs gio-2.0)
-lgio-2.0 -lgobject-2.0 -lglib-2.0
> printf '%s\n' (pkg-config --libs gio-2.0 | string split -n " ")
-lgio-2.0
-lgobject-2.0
-lglib-2.0
If you need a command substitutions output as one argument, without any splits, use quoted command substitution:
> echo "first line
second line" > myfile
> set myfile "$(cat myfile)"
> printf '|%s|' $myfile
|first line
second line|
For more, see Command substitution.
Separating Commands (Semicolon)¶
Like other shells, fish allows multiple commands either on separate lines or the same line.
To write them on the same line, use the semicolon (“;”). That means the following two examples are equivalent:
echo fish; echo chips
# or
echo fish
echo chips
This is useful interactively to enter multiple commands. In a script it’s easier to read if the commands are on separate lines.
Exit Status¶
When a command exits, it returns a status code as a non-negative integer (that’s a whole number >= 0).
Unlike other shells, fish stores the exit status of the last command in $status instead of $?.
> false
> echo $status
1
This indicates how the command fared - 0 usually means success, while the others signify kinds of failure. For instance fish’s set --query returns the number of variables it queried that weren’t set - set --query PATH usually returns 0, set --query arglbargl boogagoogoo usually returns 2.
There is also a $pipestatus list variable for the exit statuses [1] of processes in a pipe.
For more, see The status variable.
Combiners (And, Or, Not)¶
fish supports the familiar && and || to combine commands, and ! to negate them:
> ./configure && make && sudo make install
Here, make is only executed if ./configure succeeds (returns 0), and sudo make install is only executed if both ./configure and make succeed.
fish also supports and, or, and not. The first two are job modifiers and have lower precedence. Example usage:
> cp file1 file1_bak && cp file2 file2_bak; and echo "Backup successful"; or echo "Backup failed"
Backup failed
As mentioned in the section on the semicolon, this can also be written in multiple lines, like so:
cp file1 file1_bak && cp file2 file2_bak
and echo "Backup successful"
or echo "Backup failed"
Conditionals (If, Else, Switch)¶
Use if and else to conditionally execute code, based on the exit status of a command.
if grep fish /etc/shells
echo Found fish
else if grep bash /etc/shells
echo Found bash
else
echo Got nothing
end
To compare strings or numbers or check file properties (whether a file exists or is writeable and such), use test, like
if test "$fish" = "flounder"
echo FLOUNDER
end
# or
if test "$number" -gt 5
echo $number is greater than five
else
echo $number is five or less
end
# or
# This test is true if the path /etc/hosts exists
# - it could be a file or directory or symlink (or possibly something else).
if test -e /etc/hosts
echo We most likely have a hosts file
else
echo We do not have a hosts file
end
Combiners can also be used to make more complex conditions, like
if command -sq fish; and grep fish /etc/shells
echo fish is installed and configured
end
For even more complex conditions, use begin and end to group parts of them.
There is also a switch command:
switch (uname)
case Linux
echo Hi Tux!
case Darwin
echo Hi Hexley!
case FreeBSD NetBSD DragonFly
echo Hi Beastie!
case '*'
echo Hi, stranger!
end
As you see, case does not fall through, and can accept multiple arguments or (quoted) wildcards.
For more, see Conditions.
Functions¶
A fish function is a list of commands, which may optionally take arguments. Unlike other shells, arguments are not passed in “numbered variables” like $1, but instead in a single list $argv. To create a function, use the function builtin:
function say_hello
echo Hello $argv
end
say_hello
# prints: Hello
say_hello everybody!
# prints: Hello everybody!
Unlike other shells, fish does not have aliases or special prompt syntax. Functions take their place. [2]
You can list the names of all functions with the functions builtin (note the plural!). fish starts out with a number of functions:
> functions
N_, abbr, alias, bg, cd, cdh, contains_seq, dirh, dirs, disown, down-or-search, edit_command_buffer, export, fg, fish_add_path, fish_breakpoint_prompt, fish_clipboard_copy, fish_clipboard_paste, fish_config, fish_default_key_bindings, fish_default_mode_prompt, fish_git_prompt, fish_hg_prompt, fish_hybrid_key_bindings, fish_indent, fish_is_root_user, fish_job_summary, fish_key_reader, fish_md5, fish_mode_prompt, fish_npm_helper, fish_opt, fish_print_git_action, fish_print_hg_root, fish_prompt, fish_sigtrap_handler, fish_svn_prompt, fish_title, fish_update_completions, fish_vcs_prompt, fish_vi_cursor, fish_vi_key_bindings, funced, funcsave, grep, help, history, hostname, isatty, kill, la, ll, ls, man, nextd, open, popd, prevd, prompt_hostname, prompt_pwd, psub, pushd, realpath, seq, setenv, suspend, trap, type, umask, up-or-search, vared, wait
You can see the source for any function by passing its name to functions:
> functions ls
function ls --description 'List contents of directory'
command ls -G $argv
end
For more, see Functions.
Loops¶
While loops:
while true
echo "Loop forever"
end
# Prints:
# Loop forever
# Loop forever
# Loop forever
# yes, this really will loop forever. Unless you abort it with ctrl-c.
For loops can be used to iterate over a list. For example, a list of files:
for file in *.txt
cp $file $file.bak
end
Iterating over a list of numbers can be done with seq:
for x in (seq 5)
touch file_$x.txt
end
For more, see Loops and blocks.
Prompt¶
Unlike other shells, there is no prompt variable like PS1. To display your prompt, fish executes the fish_prompt function and uses its output as the prompt. And if it exists, fish also executes the fish_right_prompt function and uses its output as the right prompt.
You can define your own prompt from the command line:
> function fish_prompt; echo "New Prompt % "; end
New Prompt % _
Then, if you are happy with it, you can save it to disk by typing funcsave fish_prompt. This saves the prompt in ~/.config/fish/functions/fish_prompt.fish. (Or, if you want, you can create that file manually from the start.)
Multiple lines are OK. Colors can be set via set_color, passing it named ANSI colors, or hex RGB values:
function fish_prompt
set_color purple
date "+%m/%d/%y"
set_color F00
echo (pwd) '>' (set_color normal)
end
This prompt would look like:
02/06/13 /home/tutorial > _
You can choose among some sample prompts by running fish_config for a web UI or fish_config prompt for a simpler version inside your terminal.
$PATH¶
$PATH is an environment variable containing the directories that fish searches for commands. Unlike other shells, $PATH is a list, not a colon-delimited string.
Fish takes care to set $PATH to a default, but typically it is just inherited from fish’s parent process and is set to a value that makes sense for the system - see Exports.
To prepend /usr/local/bin and /usr/sbin to $PATH, you can write:
> set PATH /usr/local/bin /usr/sbin $PATH
To remove /usr/local/bin from $PATH, you can write:
> set PATH (string match -v /usr/local/bin $PATH)
For compatibility with other shells and external commands, $PATH is a path variable, and so will be joined with colons (not spaces) when you quote it:
> echo "$PATH"
/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin
and it will be exported like that, and when fish starts it splits the $PATH it receives into a list on colon.
You can do so directly in config.fish, like you might do in other shells with .profile. See this example.
A faster way is to use the fish_add_path function, which adds given directories to the path if they aren’t already included. It does this by modifying the $fish_user_paths universal variable, which is automatically prepended to $PATH. For example, to permanently add /usr/local/bin to your $PATH, you could write:
> fish_add_path /usr/local/bin
The advantage is that you don’t have to go mucking around in files: just run this once at the command line, and it will affect the current session and all future instances too. You can also add this line to config.fish, as it only adds the component if necessary.
Or you can modify $fish_user_paths yourself, but you should be careful not to append to it unconditionally in config.fish, or it will grow longer and longer.
Startup (Where’s .bashrc?)¶
Fish starts by executing commands in ~/.config/fish/config.fish. You can create it if it does not exist.
It is possible to directly create functions and variables in config.fish file, using the commands shown above. For example:
> cat ~/.config/fish/config.fish
set -x PATH $PATH /sbin/
function ll
ls -lh $argv
end
However, it is more common and efficient to use autoloading functions and universal variables.
If you want to organize your configuration, fish also reads commands in .fish files in ~/.config/fish/conf.d/. See Configuration Files for the details.
Autoloading Functions¶
When fish encounters a command, it attempts to autoload a function for that command, by looking for a file with the name of that command in ~/.config/fish/functions/.
For example, if you wanted to have a function ll, you would add a text file ll.fish to ~/.config/fish/functions:
> cat ~/.config/fish/functions/ll.fish
function ll
ls -lh $argv
end
This is the preferred way to define your prompt as well:
> cat ~/.config/fish/functions/fish_prompt.fish
function fish_prompt
echo (pwd) "> "
end
See the documentation for funced and funcsave for ways to create these files automatically, and $fish_function_path to control their location.
Universal Variables¶
A universal variable is a variable whose value is shared across all instances of fish, now and in the future – even after a reboot. You can make a variable universal with set -U:
> set -U EDITOR vim
Now in another shell:
> echo $EDITOR
vim
Ready for more?¶
If you want to learn more about fish, there is lots of detailed documentation, the official gitter channel, an official mailing list, and the github page.